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Computer forensics deals with the collection of evidence from digital media, such as desktops, mobile devices, cloud computing and IoT devices. This evidence can be used as part of incident remediation activities or to support law enforcement activities.

The best computer forensics tools

Digital evidence can exist on a number of different platforms and in many different forms. Forensic investigation often includes analysis of files, emails, network activity and other potential artifacts and sources of clues to the scope, impact and attribution of an incident.

Due to the wide variety of potential data sources, digital forensics tools often have different specialties. This list outlines some of the most common and widely used tools for accomplishing different parts of a computer forensics investigation.

Disk analysis: Autopsy/the Sleuth Kit

Autopsy and the Sleuth Kit are likely the most well-known forensics toolkits in existence. The Sleuth Kit is a command-line tool that performs forensic analysis of forensic images of hard drives and smartphones. Autopsy is a GUI-based system that uses The Sleuth Kit behind the scenes.

The tools are designed with a modular and plug-in architecture that makes it possible for users to easily incorporate additional functionality. Both tools are free and open-source, but commercial support and training are available as well.

Read more about Autopsy and The Sleuth Kit here.

Image creation: FTK imager

Autopsy and The Sleuth Kit are designed to examine disk images of hard drives, smart phones and so on. The benefit of analyzing an image (rather than a live drive) is that the use of an image allows the investigator to prove that they have not made any modifications to the drive that could affect the forensic results.

Autopsy does not have image creation functionality, so another tool needs to be used. While the majority of the AccessData Forensics Toolkit items are paid tools, its FTK Imager is a free product. This can be used to create disk images that can then be analyzed using Autopsy/The Sleuth Kit.

More information about FTK Imager is available here.

Memory forensics: volatility

Tools like The Sleuth Kit focus on the hard drive, but this is not the only place where forensic data and artifacts can be stored on a machine. Important forensic information can be stored in RAM, and this volatile memory must be collected quickly and carefully to be forensically valid and useful.

Volatility is the most well-known and popular tool for analysis of volatile memory. Like The Sleuth Kit, Volatility is free, open-source and supports third-party plugins. In fact, the Volatility Foundation holds an annual contest for users to develop the most useful and innovative extension to the framework.

Learn more about Volatility here.

Windows registry analysis: Registry recon

The windows registry acts as a database of configuration information for the Windows OS and the applications running on it. These applications can store a variety of different data in the registry, and the registry is one of the common locations where malware deploys persistence mechanisms.

It is possible to open and view the Windows registry via the built-in Windows application regedit, and registry analysis is built into some forensics platforms. However, specialized tools like Registry Recon are available as well. Registry Recon is a commercial tool that is designed to rebuild Windows registries from a forensic image and includes the ability to rebuild deleted parts of the registry based upon analysis of unallocated memory space.

For more information about Registry Recon, visit here.

Mobile forensics: Cellebrite UFED

Mobile adoption is constantly growing, and many organizations allow employees to use these devices at work either via BYOD programs or corporate-owned devices. Additionally, these devices are a growing target of cyberattacks, such as phishing, making them a likely source of valuable forensic information.

With the growing importance of mobile forensics, a mobile-focused forensics tool might be a useful acquisition. Cellebrite UFED is widely regarded as the best commercial tool for mobile forensics. It supports a number of different platforms (not just mobile devices) and boasts exclusive methods and tools for mobile device analysis.

Read more about Cellebrite UFED here.

Network analysis: Wireshark

Many forensics tools focus on the endpoint, but this is not the only source of useful data in a forensics investigation. Most cyberattacks occur over the network, and analysis of network traffic captures can help with the identification of malware and provide access to data that may have already been deleted and overwritten on the endpoint.

For network traffic analysis, Wireshark is the most popular and widely-used tool. Wireshark is free and open-source, offers dissectors for many different types of network traffic, has a clear and easy-to-use GUI for traffic analysis and includes a wide range of functionality under the hood. It supports live traffic capture or can ingest network capture files for analysis.

Learn more about Wireshark here.

Linux distributions: CAINE

Many of the tools presented here (and many other digital forensics tools besides them) are free and open-source. While this makes them easy to acquire, installation and configuration can be complex. To simplify this process, a number of different Linux digital forensics distributions are available as virtual machines. These VMs include a number of tools pre-installed and preconfigured.

The Computer Aided Investigative Environment (CAINE) is one example of such a tool. This Linux distribution includes many of the most widely used computer forensics tools and may include third-party plugins for tools like Autopsy.

Learn more about CAINE here.

Getting started with computer forensics

These seven tools don’t even scratch the surface of the tools available for digital forensics. Offerings range from free and open-source scripts designed to accomplish a single task to massive, commercial forensics platforms.

Due to the wide range of potential tools, a good starting point is trying out a Linux forensics distribution like CAINE. This provides access to a range of free tools without requiring any purchases or configuration.

X-Ways Forensics comprises all the general and specialist features known from WinHex, such as...

• Disk cloning and imaging
• Ability to read partitioning and file system structures inside raw (.dd) image files, ISO, VHD, VHDX, VDI, and VMDK images
• Complete access to disks, RAIDs, and images more than 2 TB in size (more than 2³² sectors) with sector sizes up to 8 KB
• Built-in interpretation of JBOD, RAID 0, RAID 5, RAID 5EE, and RAID 6 systems, Linux software RAIDs, Windows dynamic disks, and LVM2
• Automatic identification of lost/deleted partitions
• Native support for FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, TFAT, NTFS, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Next3®, CDFS/ISO9660/Joliet, UDF
• Superimposition of sectors, e.g. with corrected partition tables or file system data structures to parse file systems completely despite data corruption, without altering the original disk or image
• Access to logical memory of running processes
• Various data recovery techniques, lightning fast and powerful file carving
• Well maintained file header signature database based on GREP notation
• Data interpreter, knowing 20 variable types
• Viewing and editing binary data structures using templates
• Hard disk cleansing to produce forensically sterile media
• Gathering slack space, free space, inter-partition space, and generic text from drives and images
• File and directory catalog creation for all computer media
• Easy detection of and access to NTFS alternate data streams (ADS)
• Mass hash calculation for files (Adler32, CRC32, MD4, ed2k, MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, RipeMD-128, RipeMD-160, Tiger-128, Tiger-16, Tiger-192, TigerTree, ...)
• Lightning fast powerful physical and logical search capabilities for many search terms at the same time
• Recursive view of all existing and deleted files in all subdirectories
• Automatic coloring for the structure of FILE records in NTFS
• Bookmarks/annotations
• Runs under Windows FE, the forensically sound bootable Windows environment, e.g. for triage/preview, with limitations
• Support for high DPI settings in Windows
• Ability to analyze remote computers in conjunction with F-Response
• ...

• Support for the filesystems HFS, HFS+/HFSJ/HFSX, XFS, Btrfs, ReiserFS, Reiser4, many variants of UFS1 and UFS2, APFS
• Superior, fast disk imaging with intelligent compression options
• Ability to read and write .e01 evidence files (a.k.a. EnCase images), optionally with real encryption (256-bit AES, i.e. not mere “password protection”)
• Ability to create skeleton images, cleansed images, and snippet images (details)
• Ability to copy relevant files to evidence file containers, where they retain almost all their original file system metadata, as a means to selectively acquire data in the first place or to exchange selected files with investigators, prosecution, lawyers, etc.
• Complete case management.
• Ability to tag files and add notable files to the case report. Ability to enter comments about files for inclusion in the report or for filtering.
• Support for multiple examiners in cases, where X-Ways Forensics distinguishes between different users based on their Windows accounts. Users may work with the same case at different times or at the same time and keep their results (search hits, comments, report table associations, tagmarks, viewed files, excluded files, attached files) separate, or shares them if desired.
• Case reports can be imported and further processed by any other application that understands HTML, such as MS Word
• CSS (cascading style sheets) supported for for case report format definitions
• Automated activity logging (audit logs)
• Write protection to ensure data authenticity
• Keeps you posted about the progress of automatic processing via a drive on the same network or via e-mail while you are not at your workplace
• Remote analysis capability for drives in network can be added optionally (details)
• Ability to include files from all volume shadow copies in the analysis (but exclude duplicates), filter for such files, find the snapshot properties, etc.
• Often finds much more traces of deleting files than competing programs, thanks to superior analysis of file system data structures, including $LogFile in NTFS, .journal in Ext3/Ext4
• The basis for a listed file is practically just a mouse click away. Easily navigate to the file system data structure where it is defined, e.g. FILE record, index record, $LogFile, volume shadow copy, FAT directory entry, Ext* inode, containing file if embedded etc.
• Supported partitioning types: MBR, GPT (GUID partitioning), Apple, Windows dynamic disks (both MBR and GPT style), LVM2 (both MBR and GPT style), and unpartitioned (Superfloppy)
• Very powerful main memory analysis for local RAM or memory dumps of Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 2003 Server, 2008 Server, Windows 7
• Sector superimposition to virtually fix corrupt data on disks or in images and enable further analysis steps without altering the disks sectors/images
• Shows owners of files, NTFS file permissions, object IDs/GUIDs, special attributes
• Output of all internal file system timestamps (even 0x30 timestamps in NTFS, added dates in HFS+)
• Special identification of suspicious extended attributes ($EA) in NTFS, as used for example by Regin
• Compensation for NTFS compression effects and Ext2/Ext3 block allocation logic in file carving
• Carving of files also within other files
• Lightning-fast matching of files against the up to 2 internal file hash databases
• Matching sector contents against a block hash database, to identify incomplete fragments of highly relevant known files
• FuzZyDoc™ hashing to identify known textual contents (e.g. classified documents, invoices, stolen intellectual property, e-mails) even if stored in a different file format, re-formatted, edited, ...
• PhotoDNA hashing to identify known photos (e.g. child pornography) even if stored in a different file format, resized, color-adjusted, constrast-adjusted, blurred, sharpened, partially pixelated, edited, mirrored (law enforcement only)
• Ability to import hash sets in these formats: Project Vic JSON/ODATA, NSRL RDS 2.x, HashKeeper, ILook, ...
• Create your own hash sets
• Computation of two hash values of different types at the same time
• Random analysis scope reduction using ID modulo filter and immediately available pseudo-hash values
• Convenient back & forward navigation from one directory to another, multiple steps, restoring sort criteria, filter (de)activation, selection
• Gallery view, showing thumbnails of pictures, videos, even documents and many other non-picture file types
• Calendar view, showing hotspots of activity, ideal to combine with the chronological event list
• File preview, seamlessly integrated viewer component for 270+ file types
• Ability to print the same file types directly from within the program with all metadata on a cover page
• Internal viewer for Windows Registry files (all Windows versions); automated and configurable powerful Registry report that also check value slack in registry hives
• Viewer for Windows event log files (.evt, .evtx), Windows shortcut (.lnk) files, Windows Prefetch files, $LogFile, $UsnJrnl, restore point change.log, Windows Task Scheduler (.job), $EFS LUS, INFO2, wtmp/utmp/btmp log-in records, MacOS X kcpassword, AOL-PFC, Outlook NK2 auto-complete, Outlook WAB address book, Internet Explorer travellog (a.k.a. RecoveryStore), Internet Explorer index.dat history and browser cache databases, SQLite databases such as Firefox history, Firefox downloads, Firefox form history, Firefox sign-ons, Chrome cookies, Chrome archived history, Chrome history, Chrome log-in data, Chrome web data, Safari cache, Safari feeds, Skype's main.db database with contacts and file transfers, ...
• Ability to collect Internet Explorer history and browser cache index.dat records that are floating around in free space or slack space in a virtual single file
• Extracts metadata and internal creation timestamps from various file types and allows to filter by that, e.g. MS Office, OpenOffice, StarOffice, HTML, MDI, PDF, RTF, WRI, AOL PFC, ASF, WMV, WMA, MOV, AVI, WAV, MP4, 3GP, M4V, M4A, JPEG, BMP, THM, TIFF, GIF, PNG, GZ, ZIP, PF, IE cookies, DMP memory dumps, hiberfil.sys, PNF, SHD & SPL printer spool, tracking.log, .mdb MS Access database, manifest.mbdx/.mbdb iPhone backup, ...
• Keeps track of which files were already viewed during the investigation
• Automaticcellbackgroundcoloring based on user-defined conditions helps to draw your attention to items of interest without having to filter out all non-matching items.
• Include external files, e.g. translations or decrypted or converted versions of original files, and connect them to the files they belong with
• Ability to examine e-mail extracted from Outlook (PST, OST), Exchange EDB, Outlook Express (DBX), AOL PFC, Mozilla (including Thunderbird), generic mailbox (mbox, Unix), MSG, EML
• Can produce a powerful event list based on timestamps found in all supported file systems, in operating systems (including event logs, registry, recycle bin, ...), and file contents (e.g. e-mail headers, Exif timestamps, GPS timestamps, last printed timestamps; browser databases, Skype chats, calls, file transfers, account creation...).
• Event timestamps can be sorted chronologically to get a timeline of events. They are represented graphically in a calendar to easily see hotspots of activity or periods of inactivity or to quickly filter for certain time periods with 2 mouse clicks.
• Extremely extensive and precise file type verification based on signatures and specialized algorithms
• Allows you to define your own file header signatures, file types, type categories, file type ranks, and file type groups
• Directory tree on the left, ability to explore and tag directories including all their subdirectories
• Synchronizing the sectors view with the file list and directory tree
• MANY powerful dynamic filters based on true file type, hash set category, timestamps, file size, comments, report tables, contained search terms, ...
• Ability to identify and filter our duplicate files
• Ability to copy files off an image or a drive including their full path, including or excluding file slack, or file slack separately or only slack
• Automatic identification of encrypted MS Office and PDF documents
• Can extract almost any kind of embedded files (including pictures) from any other kind of files, thumbnails from JPEGs and thumbcaches, .lnk shortcuts from jump lists, various data from Windows.edb, browser caches, PLists, tables from SQLite databases, miscellaneous elements from OLE2 and PDF documents, ...
• Skin color detection (e.g. a gallery view sorted by skin color percentage greatly accelerates a search for traces of child pornography)
• Detection of black & white or gray-scale pictures, which could be scanned-in documents or digitally stored faxes
• Detection of PDF documents that should be OCR'ed
• Ability to extract still pictures from video files in user-defined intervals, using MPlayer or Forensic Framer, to drastically reduce the amount of data when having to check for inappropriate or illegal content
• Lists the contents of archives directly in the directory browser, even in a recursive view
• Logical search, in all or selected files/directories only, following fragmented cluster chains, in compressed files, metadata, optionally decoding text in PDF, HTML, EML, ..., optionally using GREP (regular expressions), user-defined 'whole words' option, and much more
• Powerful search hit listings with context preview, e.g. like “all search hits for the search terms A, B, and D in .doc and .ppt files below Documents and Settings with last access date in 2004 that do not contain search term C”
• Option to sort search hits by their data and context instead of just by the search terms to which they belong. Ability to filter search hits by the textual context around them using an additional keyword.
• Highly flexible indexing algorithm, supporting solid compound words and virtually any language
• Search and index in both Unicode and various code pages
• Logically combine search hits with an AND, fuzzy AND, NEAR, NOTNEAR, + and - operators
• Ability to export search hits as HTML, highlighted within their context, with file metadata
• Detection and removal of host-protected areas (HPA, ATA-protected areas), and DCO (under Windows XP)
• Ability to decompress entire hiberfil.sys files and individual xpress chunks
• X-Tensions API (programming interface) to add your own functionality or automate existing functionality with very high performance (for example the popular C4All as an X-Tension runs about 6 times faster than as an EnScripts), does not require you to learn a proprietary programming language
• No complicated database to set up and connect to, with the risk of never being able to open your case again like in competing software
• Interface for PhotoDNA (only for law enforcement), which can recognize known pictures (even if stored in a different format or altered) and can return the classification (“CP”, “relevant”, “irrelevant”) to X-Ways Forensics
• ...

It is impossible to list all the features and options here. The above list is notoriously incomplete, last updated on May 23, 2015. New features were announced in the newsletter (archive). Check prices, order now. Other available languages: . X-Ways Forensics is protected with a local dongle or network dongle or via BYOD. Reduced and simplified user interface available for investigators that are not forensic computing specialists, at half the price: X-Ways Investigator

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*Limitations under Windows Vista and later: Physical RAM cannot be opened. Unable to write sectors on the partitions that contain Windows and WinHex.